Where the numbers come from
Every benchmark on this site traces to a disclosed public source. We do not use licensed survey datasets (MGMA, SullivanCotter subscriptions, etc.); when we cite MGMA or AMGA figures they are the ones those organizations publicly press-released, with attribution.
How the benchmarks work
Compensation percentiles are anchored to published national physician compensation survey summaries (Medscape, Doximity, press-released MGMA/AMGA figures, academic starting-salary studies). Where a source publishes only an average or median, surrounding percentiles are modeled and labeled as such. BLS OEWS is used only as a floor/cross-check — it topcodes wages around $239K and cannot drive specialty percentiles.
Non-compete and tail-coverage norms are literature-derived: FTC rulemaking docket analyses (FTC-2023-0007), academic studies, and state statutes. They describe what is commonly reported, not our own contract corpus — own-corpus statistics ship once the public-contract corpus is large enough, and will be labeled separately.
State non-compete law summaries are plain-English readings of public statutes, current as of mid-2026. Physician non-compete law is changing fast (five states changed rules in 2024–2025 alone); always verify with counsel in your state.
Caveats — read these
- National figures. Regional cost-of-living and market differences are real and can move fair comp by 20%+ in either direction.
- Survey populations differ (self-reported vs. employer-reported, academic vs. private) — treat percentile placement as directional, not decimal-precise.
- Base salary is one term. A p60 base with employer-paid tail and a narrow non-compete can beat a p75 base without them.
- Extraction is automated and can err; every extracted field shows its source quote and a confidence badge so you can verify.
- None of this is legal advice.
Sources
Compensation — Family Medicine
- AMN Healthcare (Merritt Hawkins legacy survey) — 2025 Review of Physician and Advanced Practitioner Recruiting Incentives — press release (2025) · employer search-engagement data (recruiting contracts, not self-report)
- Medscape (WebMD) — Medscape Physician Compensation Report 2026 (2025 earnings data), 29-specialty averages as republished by Becker's Hospital Review (2026) · self-reported survey
- Doximity — 2025 Physician Compensation Report (2025) · self-reported survey (regression-adjusted)
Compensation — Internal Medicine (outpatient/general)
- AMN Healthcare (Merritt Hawkins legacy survey) — 2025 Review of Physician and Advanced Practitioner Recruiting Incentives — press release (2025) · employer search-engagement data (recruiting contracts, not self-report)
- Medscape (WebMD) — Medscape Physician Compensation Report 2026 (2025 earnings data), 29-specialty averages as republished by Becker's Hospital Review (2026) · self-reported survey
- Doximity — 2025 Physician Compensation Report (2025) · self-reported survey (regression-adjusted)
Compensation — Hospitalist (Internal Medicine)
- AMN Healthcare — Hospitalist Salary Guide 2025 (citing AMN 2025 Review) (2025) · employer search-engagement data (via publisher's own blog summary)
Compensation — Pediatrics (general)
- AMN Healthcare (Merritt Hawkins legacy survey) — 2025 Review of Physician and Advanced Practitioner Recruiting Incentives — press release (2025) · employer search-engagement data (recruiting contracts, not self-report)
- Medscape (WebMD) — Medscape Physician Compensation Report 2026 (2025 earnings data), 29-specialty averages as republished by Becker's Hospital Review (2026) · self-reported survey
- Doximity — 2025 Physician Compensation Report (2025) · self-reported survey (regression-adjusted)
Compensation — Emergency Medicine
- Medscape (WebMD) — Medscape Physician Compensation Report 2026 (2025 earnings data), 29-specialty averages as republished by Becker's Hospital Review (2026) · self-reported survey
- Doximity — 2025 Physician Compensation Report (2025) · self-reported survey (regression-adjusted)
- American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) — 2025 Emergency Physician Compensation Report (Salary Survey Findings, public PDF) (2025) · self-reported survey
Compensation — Anesthesiology
- AMN Healthcare (Merritt Hawkins legacy survey) — 2024 Review of Physician and Advanced Practitioner Recruiting Incentives (public PDF) (2024) · employer search-engagement data
- Medscape (WebMD) — Medscape Physician Compensation Report 2026 (2025 earnings data), 29-specialty averages as republished by Becker's Hospital Review (2026) · self-reported survey
- Doximity — 2025 Physician Compensation Report (2025) · self-reported survey (regression-adjusted)
Compensation — Psychiatry
- AMN Healthcare — Psychiatrist Salary Guide 2025 (citing AMN 2025 Review) (2025) · employer search-engagement data (via publisher's own blog summary)
- Medscape (WebMD) — Medscape Physician Compensation Report 2026 (2025 earnings data), 29-specialty averages as republished by Becker's Hospital Review (2026) · self-reported survey
- Doximity — 2025 Physician Compensation Report (2025) · self-reported survey (regression-adjusted)
Compensation — General Surgery
- Medscape (WebMD) — Medscape Physician Compensation Report 2026 (2025 earnings data), 29-specialty averages as republished by Becker's Hospital Review (2026) · self-reported survey
- Doximity — 2025 Physician Compensation Report (2025) · self-reported survey (regression-adjusted)
Compensation — Orthopedic Surgery
- AMN Healthcare (Merritt Hawkins legacy survey) — 2025 Review of Physician and Advanced Practitioner Recruiting Incentives — press release (2025) · employer search-engagement data (recruiting contracts, not self-report)
- Medscape (WebMD) — Medscape Physician Compensation Report 2026 (2025 earnings data), 29-specialty averages as republished by Becker's Hospital Review (2026) · self-reported survey
- Doximity — 2025 Physician Compensation Report (2025) · self-reported survey (regression-adjusted)
Compensation — Cardiology
- AMN Healthcare (Merritt Hawkins legacy survey) — 2025 Review of Physician and Advanced Practitioner Recruiting Incentives — press release (2025) · employer search-engagement data (recruiting contracts, not self-report)
- Medscape (WebMD) — Medscape Physician Compensation Report 2026 (2025 earnings data), 29-specialty averages as republished by Becker's Hospital Review (2026) · self-reported survey
- Doximity — 2025 Physician Compensation Report (2025) · self-reported survey (regression-adjusted)
Compensation — Gastroenterology
- AMN Healthcare (Merritt Hawkins legacy survey) — 2025 Review of Physician and Advanced Practitioner Recruiting Incentives — press release (2025) · employer search-engagement data (recruiting contracts, not self-report)
- Medscape (WebMD) — Medscape Physician Compensation Report 2026 (2025 earnings data), 29-specialty averages as republished by Becker's Hospital Review (2026) · self-reported survey
- Doximity — 2025 Physician Compensation Report (2025) · self-reported survey (regression-adjusted)
Compensation — Radiology (diagnostic)
- AMN Healthcare (Merritt Hawkins legacy survey) — 2025 Review of Physician and Advanced Practitioner Recruiting Incentives — press release (2025) · employer search-engagement data (recruiting contracts, not self-report)
- Medscape (WebMD) — Medscape Physician Compensation Report 2026 (2025 earnings data), 29-specialty averages as republished by Becker's Hospital Review (2026) · self-reported survey
- Doximity — 2025 Physician Compensation Report (2025) · self-reported survey (regression-adjusted)
Compensation — Dermatology
- Medscape (WebMD) — Medscape Physician Compensation Report 2026 (2025 earnings data), 29-specialty averages as republished by Becker's Hospital Review (2026) · self-reported survey
- Doximity — 2025 Physician Compensation Report (2025) · self-reported survey (regression-adjusted)
Compensation — Obstetrics & Gynecology
- AMN Healthcare (Merritt Hawkins legacy survey) — 2024 Review of Physician and Advanced Practitioner Recruiting Incentives (public PDF) (2024) · employer search-engagement data
- Medscape (WebMD) — Medscape Physician Compensation Report 2026 (2025 earnings data), 29-specialty averages as republished by Becker's Hospital Review (2026) · self-reported survey
- Doximity — 2025 Physician Compensation Report (2025) · self-reported survey (regression-adjusted)
Compensation — Neurology
- Medscape (WebMD) — Medscape Physician Compensation Report 2026 (2025 earnings data), 29-specialty averages as republished by Becker's Hospital Review (2026) · self-reported survey
- Doximity — 2025 Physician Compensation Report (2025) · self-reported survey (regression-adjusted)
Compensation — Oncology / Hematology
- AMN Healthcare (Merritt Hawkins legacy survey) — 2025 Review of Physician and Advanced Practitioner Recruiting Incentives — press release (2025) · employer search-engagement data (recruiting contracts, not self-report)
- Medscape (WebMD) — Medscape Physician Compensation Report 2026 (2025 earnings data), 29-specialty averages as republished by Becker's Hospital Review (2026) · self-reported survey
- Doximity — 2025 Physician Compensation Report (2025) · self-reported survey (regression-adjusted)
Compensation — Urology
- AMN Healthcare (Merritt Hawkins legacy survey) — 2025 Review of Physician and Advanced Practitioner Recruiting Incentives — press release (2025) · employer search-engagement data (recruiting contracts, not self-report)
- Medscape (WebMD) — Medscape Physician Compensation Report 2026 (2025 earnings data), 29-specialty averages as republished by Becker's Hospital Review (2026) · self-reported survey
- Doximity — 2025 Physician Compensation Report (2025) · self-reported survey (regression-adjusted)
Compensation — Pulmonology / Critical Care
- Medscape (WebMD) — Medscape Physician Compensation Report 2026 (2025 earnings data), 29-specialty averages as republished by Becker's Hospital Review (2026) · self-reported survey
- Doximity — 2025 Physician Compensation Report (2025) · self-reported survey (regression-adjusted)
Compensation — Nephrology
- Medscape (WebMD) — Medscape Physician Compensation Report 2026 (2025 earnings data), 29-specialty averages as republished by Becker's Hospital Review (2026) · self-reported survey
- Doximity — 2025 Physician Compensation Report (2025) · self-reported survey (regression-adjusted)
Compensation — Neurosurgery
- Doximity — 2025 Physician Compensation Report (2025) · self-reported survey (regression-adjusted)
Non-compete norms (literature-derived)
- Lavetti, Simon & White — The Impacts of Restricting Mobility of Skilled Service Workers: Evidence from Physicians (academic study; 5-state primary-care physician sample) (2020) · academic study (survey of physicians in CA, GA, IL, PA, TX)
- Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council (PHC4) — Current Events: Non-Compete Agreements in Health Care (2024) · government agency research summary (citing Lavetti et al. and FTC public comments)
- American Medical Association — AMA backs effort to ban many physician noncompete provisions (2023) · professional association summary
- Physicians Thrive — Non Compete Agreements: What Physicians Need to Know (2025) · practitioner/advisory commentary (not a survey)
State non-compete law
- State statutes (cited per state) — Non-compete statutes and 2023–2025 amendments (2025) · seed — replace with corpus; statuses summarized from public statutory text. The FTC's 2024 non-compete rule was set aside in federal court and is not in effect.
Tail coverage norms
- MEDPLI Professional Liability Insurance — Tail Insurance for Physicians: 2026 Guide (2026) · insurance-broker market commentary