Where the numbers come from

Every benchmark on this site traces to a disclosed public source. We do not use licensed survey datasets (MGMA, SullivanCotter subscriptions, etc.); when we cite MGMA or AMGA figures they are the ones those organizations publicly press-released, with attribution.

How the benchmarks work

Compensation percentiles are anchored to published national physician compensation survey summaries (Medscape, Doximity, press-released MGMA/AMGA figures, academic starting-salary studies). Where a source publishes only an average or median, surrounding percentiles are modeled and labeled as such. BLS OEWS is used only as a floor/cross-check — it topcodes wages around $239K and cannot drive specialty percentiles.

Non-compete and tail-coverage norms are literature-derived: FTC rulemaking docket analyses (FTC-2023-0007), academic studies, and state statutes. They describe what is commonly reported, not our own contract corpus — own-corpus statistics ship once the public-contract corpus is large enough, and will be labeled separately.

State non-compete law summaries are plain-English readings of public statutes, current as of mid-2026. Physician non-compete law is changing fast (five states changed rules in 2024–2025 alone); always verify with counsel in your state.

Caveats — read these

  • National figures. Regional cost-of-living and market differences are real and can move fair comp by 20%+ in either direction.
  • Survey populations differ (self-reported vs. employer-reported, academic vs. private) — treat percentile placement as directional, not decimal-precise.
  • Base salary is one term. A p60 base with employer-paid tail and a narrow non-compete can beat a p75 base without them.
  • Extraction is automated and can err; every extracted field shows its source quote and a confidence badge so you can verify.
  • None of this is legal advice.

Sources

Compensation — Family Medicine

Compensation — Internal Medicine (outpatient/general)

Compensation — Hospitalist (Internal Medicine)

Compensation — Pediatrics (general)

Compensation — Emergency Medicine

Compensation — Anesthesiology

Compensation — Psychiatry

Compensation — General Surgery

Compensation — Orthopedic Surgery

Compensation — Cardiology

Compensation — Gastroenterology

Compensation — Radiology (diagnostic)

Compensation — Dermatology

Compensation — Obstetrics & Gynecology

Compensation — Neurology

Compensation — Oncology / Hematology

Compensation — Urology

Compensation — Pulmonology / Critical Care

Compensation — Nephrology

Compensation — Neurosurgery

Non-compete norms (literature-derived)

State non-compete law

  • State statutes (cited per state)Non-compete statutes and 2023–2025 amendments (2025) · seed — replace with corpus; statuses summarized from public statutory text. The FTC's 2024 non-compete rule was set aside in federal court and is not in effect.

Tail coverage norms